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| History of India |
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Ancient India
The early period of the Indian subcontinent is marked by the use of iron, copper and other metals. The Indus valley civilization, better known as the Harrappan Civilization occupied the historic era between 3000 BC and 1500 BC as per some historians. Apart from the Indus valley, the civilization spread across Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. The excavations of the two cities of the Indus valley – Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro reveal that the people lived in well-planned towns which were also the centers of trade.
The coming of Aryans marked the advent of the Vedic Civilization. People largely believe that Aryans were nomadic people who inhabited the region of the Caspian Sea and migrated towards Europe and Asia. The Aryans spoke Sanskrit and composed the great Vedas. By 600 BC they expanded to the interior of the Northern India. The great epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata belong to this era. In the later Vedic period the people had started following the caste system, wherein the King was an absolute ruler and the Brahmins enjoyed the all the people’s respect. |
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Medieval India
Many powerful empires emerged during the 8th and the 10th centuries AD in India. The eastern and northern parts of India were dominated by the Palas, while the western and parts of northern India were dominated by the Pratiharas. The Rashtrakutas controlled the Deccan region and some territories of north India.
Gopala founded the Pala empire around 750 AD. His son Dharampala reigned during 770 AD to 810 AD. After his initial defeats to win Kannauj – the sovereign state of north India at the hands of Vasantraja (Pratihara ruler) and Dhruva (Rashtrakuta ruler), Dharampala succeeded in gaining victory over Kannauj. Later on, it was again took over by the Pratiharas. Dharampala’s son Devpala ascended the throne in 810 AD. The Palas disintegrated after Devpala’s death in the 10th century, but rejoined and continued till the early years of 13th century.
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Modern India
By the end of the Medieval era, the Mughal kingdom had come to an end with the death of Aurangzeb. After Aurangzed, Bahadur Shah ascended the throne in 1707 AD. He reigned for a short span of five years (till 1712) during which he made settlements with Marathas, conciliations with Rajputs and Guru Gobind Singh. During the next few years, the power went in hands of many kings, but no one was able to reign for long till Mohammad Shah came to power in 1719 and ruled for twenty nine years till 1748. He was a careless king and did not paid attention to the affairs of his state. Most of his time was spent in merry-making. As a result, many small provinces seceded from his empire – Awadh, Bengal, Hyderabad and Rohilkhand. |
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